Sains Malaysiana 53(8)(2024): 1831-1441

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5308-09

Potensi Antivirus daripada Ekstrak Fermentasi Daun Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus) terhadap Virus Herpes Simpleks Jenis 1 (HSV-1)

(Antiviral Potential of Fermented Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Leaf Extract against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1))

NORHAZNIZA AZIZ^1,2, NOREFRINA SHAFINAZ MD NOR^1,* & KOH, S.P.²

¹Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

²Food Science and Technology Research Centre, MARDI, P.O. Box 12301, 50772

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Received: 9 May 2024/Accepted: 3 July 2024

Abstrak

Kewujudan virus rintang dadah dan mutasi virus baharu telah mendorong saintis untuk mengkaji terapi alternatif berasaskan produk semula jadi yang kaya dengan sumber bioaktif untuk merawat dan mengurangkan simptom jangkitan dengan lebih cekap. Dalam kajian ini, daun nangka telah difermentasi (JL) menggunakan kultur simbiotik gabungan bakteria asid asetik dan yis untuk menghasilkan ekstrak yang berpotensi sebagai agen antivirus terhadap virus herpes simpleks jenis 1 (HSV-1). Ujian ketoksikan ekstrak telah ditentukan melalui asai MTT (3-[4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) ke atas sel Vero bagi menentukan nilai CC₅₀ dan hasil ujian ini mendapati kepekatan maksimum ekstrak yang tidak toksik untuk kajian antivirus ialah 15.17%. Kajian anti HSV-1 secara in-vitro, telah dinilai melalui tiga mod berbeza iaitu pasca rawatan, pra-rawatan dan virusid. Ekstrak JL didapati lebih berkesan sebagai antivirus secara pasca rawatan dan virusid dengan pendedahan terus ekstrak kepada HSV-1 selama 15 dan 30 minit telah merencat 100% aktiviti virus tersebut pada semua kepekatan ekstrak yang digunakan. Melalui analisis penjerapan dan pelakuran yang dijalankan, ekstrak JL dengan kepekatan 7.5% dan 15% didapati dapat menghalang virus memasuki sel. Hasil cerapan zarah virus menggunakan mikroskop transmisi elektron (TEM) mendapati interaksi JL secara terus pada zarah virus dapat memusnahkan sampul virus seterusnya merencat proses jangkitan. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan ekstrak JL mempunyai potensi yang baik untuk dibangunkan sebagai agen anti-herpes yang berasaskan sumber semula jadi.

Kata kunci: Antivirus; daun nangka; fermentasi; HSV-1

Abstract

The emergence of drug-resistant viruses and new viral mutations encouraged scientists to investigate alternative therapies based on natural products rich in bioactive resources for more effective treatment and lessening infection symptoms. In this particular study, jackfruit leaves (JL) were subjected to fermentation using a combination of acetic acid bacteria and yeast cultures. The goal was to produce an extract with potential antiviral properties against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The toxicity of the extract was assessed through the MTT assay (3-[4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) on Vero cells. This test helped determine the maximum non-toxic concentration of the extract for antiviral studies, which was found to be 15.17%. The antiviral activity of the JL extract against HSV-1 was evaluated through three different approaches: post-treatment, pre-treatment, and virucidal. The findings indicated that the JL extract was most effective in post-treatment and virucidal modes. Direct exposure of the extract to HSV-1 for 15 and 30 min resulted in complete inhibition of viral activity at all tested extract concentrations. Adsorption and fusion analyses demonstrated that the JL extract at concentrations of 7.5% and 15% was capable of preventing the entry of the virus into host cells. Further examination of virus particles using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed that JL extract's direct interaction with the virus caused the destruction of the virus envelope and subsequent inhibition of the infection process. These results demonstrate the potential of JL extract as a natural resource-based treatment against HSV-1.

Keywords: Antiviral; fermentation; HSV-1; jackfruit leaves

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*Corresponding author; email: efrina@ukm.edu.my